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Fear (from a Moral Standpoint) - Viewed from the moral standpoint, that is, in reference so far f as it is a factor to reference be reckoned with in f pronouncing upon the freedom reference of human acts, as well as f offering an reference adequate excuse for failing to comply with positive f reference law, particularly if the law be of human reference o
Fish, Symbolism of the - The symbol itself may have been suggested by the miraculous f multification of the loaves and fishes or the repast of f the seven Disciples, after the Resurrection, on the shore of f the Sea of Galilee, but its popularity among Christians was f due principally, t
Fabre, Joseph - Second Superior General of the Oblates of Mary catholic encyclopedia Immaculate. (1824-1892)
Fractio Panis - The name given to a fresco in the f so-called "Capella Greca" in the catacomb of St. f Priscilla.
Funeral Dues - The canonical perquisites of a parish priest receivable on the f occasion of the funeral of any of his parishioners.
Fitzherbert, Thomas - Born 1552, at Swynnerton, Staffs, England; died 17 reference Aug., 1640, catholic encyclopedia at Rome.
Fulcran, Saint - Bishop of Lodève, d. 1006.
Falloux du Coudray - Frédéric Alfred Pierre. (1811-1885)
Fleming, Patrick - Franciscan friar b. at Lagan, County Louth, Ireland, 17April, 1599; f d. 7 November, 1631.
Fagnano, Giulio Carlo de' Toschi di - Mathematician. (1682-1766)
Firmament - The notion that the sky was a vast catholic encyclopedia solid catholic encyclopedia dome seems to have been common among catholic encyclopedia the ancient catholic encyclopedia peoples.
Felix II - Pope (more properly Antipope), 355-358; d. 22 Nov., 365.
Fouard, Constant - An ecclesiastical writer b. at Elbeuf, near Rouen, catholic encyclopedia 6 catholic encyclopedia Aug. 1837.
Ferreira, Antonio - A poet, important both for his lyric and his dramatic catholic encyclopedia compositions, b. at Lisbon, Portugal, in 1528; d. there of catholic encyclopedia the plague in 1569.
Fonte-Avellana - A suppressed order of hermits, which takes its name from reference their first hermitage in the Apennines.
Francis de Geronimo, Saint - Italian Jesuit, a popular preacher with a flair reference for the dramatic, d. 1716.
Furness Abbey - Originally a Benedictine monastery of the Savigny Reform catholic encyclopedia it afterwards became Cistercian.
Fall River - A suffragan see of the Province of Boston; catholic encyclopedia comprises f the counties of Bristol, Barnstable, Dukes, and catholic encyclopedia Nantucket, with f the towns of Marion, Mattapoisett and catholic encyclopedia Wareham in Plymouth f county, Massachusetts.
Faber, Johann - Controversialist and preacher. (1504-1558)
Felix of Nola, Saint - Third-century confessor. Possibly the same as St. Felix of Nola, bishop and martyr.
Fizeau, Armand-Hippolyte-Louis - Physicist. (1819-1896)
Forrest, William - Sixteenth-century English priest and poet.
Fillastre, Guillaume - French cardinal, canonist, humanist, and geographer. (1348-1428)
Fraunhofer, Joseph von - Optician. (1787-1826)
Friars Minor, Order of - History, traditions, and saints of the order.
Felix, Célestin Joseph - French Jesuit, b. at Neuville-sur-l\\' Escaut (Nord), 28 June 1810; d. at Lille, 7 July, 1891.
Fesch, Joseph - Cardinal, b. at Ajaccio, Corsica, 3 January, 1763; d. at Rome, 13 May, 1839.
Forli - Diocese in the province of Romagna (Central Italy); suffragan of Ravenna.
French, Nicholas - Bishop of Ferns, Ireland. (1604-1678)
Fiesole - Diocese in the province of Tuscany, suffragan of f Florence.
Felicitas, Saint - Roman martyr. Article explains how she and catholic encyclopedia the seven martyrs who are called her sons catholic encyclopedia have come to have different feast days.
Falco, Juan Conchillos - Painter, b. at Valencia of an ancient noble reference family in 1641; d. 14 May, 1711.
Felix V - Regnal name of Amadeus of Savoy, Antipope (1440-1449). (1383-1451)
Florus - A deacon of Lyons, ecclesiastical writer in the first half reference of the ninth century.
Formularies - Medieval collections of models for the execution of documents (acta), reference public or private; a space being left for the insertion reference of names, dates, and circumstances peculiar to each case.
Franciscan Order - An article on the history of the Franciscan order and f its role within the Catholic Church.
Friar - A member of one of the mendicant orders.
Filicaja, Vincenzo da - Lyric poet; born at Florence, 30 December, 1642; reference died there 24 September, 1707.
Fergus, Saints - There are at least ten Irish saints named Fergus. This f article gives details on three of them: St. Fergus Cruithneach, f or the Pict, bishop, d. about 730; St. Fergus, Bishop f of Duleek, d. 778; and St. Fergus, Bishop of Downpatrick, f d. 583.
Folengo, Teofilo - Italian poet. (1496-1544)
Frideswide, Saint - Patron saint of Oxford, d. 735. Biographical entry.
Fabricius, Hieronymus - Italian anatomist and surgeon. 1537-1619)
Förster, Arnold - German entomologist. (1810-1884)
Foligno - Diocese in the province of Perugia, Italy, immediately reference subject to the Holy See.
Foundation - An ecclesiastical foundation is the making over of catholic encyclopedia temporal reference goods to an ecclesiastical corporation or individual, catholic encyclopedia either by reference gift during life or by will catholic encyclopedia after death, on reference the condition of some spiritual catholic encyclopedia work being done either reference in perpetuity or for catholic encyclopedia a long time
Floyd, John - English missionary. (1572-1649)
Fritz, Samuel - A Jesuit missionary of the eighteenth century noted for his exploration of the Amazon River and its basin.
False Decretals - A name given to certain apocryphal papal letters catholic encyclopedia contained catholic encyclopedia in a collection of canon laws composed catholic encyclopedia about the catholic encyclopedia middle of the ninth century by catholic encyclopedia an author who catholic encyclopedia uses the pseudonym of Isidore catholic encyclopedia Mercator, in the opening catholic encyclopedia preface to the collection.
Faber, Matthias - Writer and preacher, born at Altomünster, Germany, 24 February, 1586; died at Tyrnau, 26 April 1653.
Fontana, Domenico - A Roman architect of the Late Renaissance, b. at Merli on the Lake of Lugano, 1543; d. at Naples, 1607.
Fleming, Thomas - Archbishop of Dublin, son of the Baron of reference Slane. (1593-1665)
Frowin, Blessed - Abbot of Engelberg, renowned for learning as well reference as sanctity, f d. 1178.
Fortunatus - Lengthy biographical article on the talented sixth-century poet catholic encyclopedia and hymn-writer.
Figueroa, Francisco García de la Rosa - Franciscan, b. in the latter part of the f eighteenth century at Toluca, in the Archdiocese of f Mexico; date of death unknown.
Fountains Abbey - A monastery of the Cistercian Order situated on the banks reference of the Skell about two and a half miles from reference Ripon in Yorkshire, established by thirteen Benedictine monks of St. reference Mary\'s Abbey, York.
Florian, Jean-Pierre Claris, Chevalier de - Writer, born at the château of Florian (Gard), 6 March, reference 1755; died at Sceaux, 13 September, 1794.
Falsity - A perversion of truth originating in the deceitfulness of one party, and culminating in the damage of another party.
Flagellation - Includes history and its use in scripture.
Fleming, Richard - Bishop of Lincoln and founder of Lincoln College, f Oxford; b. about 1360; d. at Sleaford, 25 f Jan., 1431.
Fogaras - Archdiocese in Hungary, of the Greek-Romanian Rite.
Faroe Islands - A group of Danish islands rising from the sea some reference four hundred miles west of Norway and almost as far reference south of Iceland.
Fortunato of Brescia - Morphologist and Minorite of the Reform of Lombardy; f b. at Brescia, 1701; d. at Madrid, 1754.
Forbes, John - Capuchin, b. 1570; d. 1606.
Felix III, Pope Saint - Felix II was an antipope, irregularly imposed by reference the Arians catholic encyclopedia while Pope Liberius was still alive, reference so St. Felix III catholic encyclopedia is sometimes called Felix reference II. Pope St. Felix III was catholic encyclopedia much involved reference in battling heresy, and died in 492.
Feria - A day on which the people, especially the slaves, were f not obliged to work, and on which there were no f court sessions.
Fredegarius - The supposed author of an anonymous historical compilation (Chronicon Fredegarii) catholic encyclopedia of the seventh century, in which is related the history catholic encyclopedia of the Franks from the earliest times until 658.
Feudalism - The source of feudalism rises from an intermingling f of barbarian reference usage and Roman law.
Franck, Kasper - A theologian and controversialist; b. at Ortrand, Saxony, catholic encyclopedia 2 reference Nov., 1543; d. at Ingolstadt, 12 March, catholic encyclopedia 1584.
Francis Regis Clet, Blessed - French Lazarist missionary to China, martyred in 1820.
Felicitas and Perpetua, Saints - Martyred at Carthage in 203.
Felix IV, Pope Saint - Since Felix II was an antipope imposed by the Arians f while Pope Liberius was still alive, St. Felix IV is f sometimes called Felix III. Pope St. Felix IV died in f 530.
Florez, Enrique - Spanish theologian, archeologist, and historian; born at Valladolid, 14 February, catholic encyclopedia 1701; died at Madrid, 20 August, 1773.
Fontevrault, Order and Abbey of - The monastery of Fontevrault was founded by Blessed catholic encyclopedia Robert d'Arbrissel about the end of 1100.
Fortitude - One of the gifts from the Holy Ghost catholic encyclopedia is catholic encyclopedia a supernatural virtue.
Florence, Council of - The Seventeenth Ecumenical Council was the continuation of f the Council f of Ferrara.
Fischer, Antonius - Cardinal-Archbishop of Cologne. (1840-1912)
Foreman, Andrew - A Scottish prelate; b. at Hatton, near Berwick-on-Tweed; d. 1522.
Fire, Liturgical Use of - One of the most expressive and most ancient of liturgical catholic encyclopedia symbols.
Frequent Communion - Discusses the history and practice.
Ferns - Diocese in the province of Leinster (Ireland), suffragan catholic encyclopedia of f Dublin.
Fernández, Juan - A Jesuit lay brother and missionary; b. at Cordova; d. f 12 June, 1567, in Japan.
Ferrara - Archdiocese immediately subject to the Holy See.
Frederick II - German King and Roman Emperor, son of Henry VI and Constance of Sicily; born 26 Dec., 1194; died at Fiorentina, in Apulia, 13 Dec., 1250.
Fioretti di San Francesco d'Assisi - Little Flowers of Francis of Assisi, the name reference given to f a classic collection of popular legends reference about the life of f St. Francis of Assisi reference and his early companions as they f appeared to reference the Italian people at the beginning of the f reference fourteenth century.
Fossombrone - Diocese in the province of Pesaro, Italy, a catholic encyclopedia suffragan catholic encyclopedia of Urbino.
Florentina, Saint - Sometimes called Florentia. Spanish nun, d. about 612.
William Freeman, Blessed - English priest, martyred at Warwick in 1595.
Faithful, The - Those who have bound themselves to a religious f association, whose doctrine they accept, and into whose f rites they have been initiated. Among Christians the f term is applied to those who have been f fully initiated by baptism and, regularly speaking, by f confi
Francis Xavier, Saint - Biographical article on one of the first Jesuits, and missionary f to Asia, who died in 1552.
Fothad, Saint - St. Fothad Na Canoine ("of the Canon"), late eighth-century monk f in County Donegal, bard.
Farfa, Abbey of - A legend in the "Chronicon Farfense" relates the foundation of a monastery at Farfa in the time of the Emperors Julian, or Gratian, by the Syrian St. Laurentius, who had come to Rome with his sister, Susannah, and had been made Bishop of Spoleto
Fate - Lat. fatum, from fari, to tell or predict.
Fremin, James - Jesuit missionary to the American Indians; b. at reference Reims, 12 March, 1628; d. at Quebec, 2 reference July, 1691.
Fonseca Soares, Antonio da - Friar Minor and ascetical writer. (1631-1682)
Forster, Fobrenius - Bavarian Prince-Abbot. (1709-1791)
Ferdinand, Blessed - Prince of Portugal, always pious and known for catholic encyclopedia his catholic encyclopedia generosity. When a military mission of his catholic encyclopedia brother failed, catholic encyclopedia Ferdinand offered himself as a hostage, catholic encyclopedia and died in catholic encyclopedia captivity in 1443.
Fossors - Grave diggers in the Roman catacombs in the first three catholic encyclopedia or four centuries of the Christian Era.
Fitzpatrick, William John - Historian, b. in Dublin, Ireland, 31 Aug., 1830; reference d. there reference 24 Dec., 1895.
Francis Borgia, Saint - Long essay on the dramatic life of the Duke of reference Gandia turned Jesuit.
Filliucius, Felix - An Italian humanist, philosopher, and theologian, b. at catholic encyclopedia Siena reference about the year 1525; supposed to have catholic encyclopedia d. at reference Florence c. 1590.
Friedrich von Hausen - Medieval German poet.
Foggia - Diocese in the province of the same name catholic encyclopedia in reference Apulia (Southern Italy).
Faribault, Jean-Baptiste - Early settler in Minnesota. (1774-1860)
Florians, The - An independent order, and not, as some consider, catholic encyclopedia a catholic encyclopedia branch of the Cistercians; it was founded catholic encyclopedia in 1189 catholic encyclopedia by the Abbot Joachim of Flora.
Frankfort-on-the-Main - Formerly the scene of the election and coronation of the reference German emperors.
Fidelis of Sigmaringen, Saint - Former lawyer who joined the Capuchins, and was f sent as reference a missionary to the Calvinists. Martyred f in 1622.
Fiacre, Saint - Biography of this Irish priest and hermit, patron f saint of gardeners, d. 670.
Ferland, Jean-Baptiste-Antoine - A French Canadian historian, b. at Montreal, 25 f December, 1805; d. at Quebec, 11 January, 1865.
Ferstel, Heinrich, Freiherr von - Architect; with Hansen and Schmidt, the creator of reference modern Vienna; f b. 7 July, 1828, at Vienna; reference d. at Grinzing, near f Vienna, 14 July, 1883.
Fleury, Abbey of - One of the oldest and most celebrated Benedictine reference abbeys of Western Europe. Its modern name is reference Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire, applicable both to the monastery and the reference township with which the abbey has always been reference associated.
Feti, Domenico - Italian painter; born at Rome, 1589; died at Venice, 1624.
Farinato, Paolo - Italian painter. (1524-1606)
Foillan, Saint - Blood brother of SS. Fursey and Ultan. Irish-born catholic encyclopedia abbot catholic encyclopedia of Cnoberesburg until it was captured by catholic encyclopedia the Mercians, catholic encyclopedia whereupon Foillan fled to Nivelles. He catholic encyclopedia was murdered in catholic encyclopedia 652.
Fano - Located in Italy.
Fonseca, José Ribeiro da - Friar Minor; b. at Evora, 3 Dec., 1690; f d. at catholic encyclopedia Porto, 16 June, 1752.
Florence of Worcester - English chronicler, died in 1118.
Forty Hours' Devotion - Somewhat dated with regard to the liturgical details, f but otherwise an accurate depiction. An Eucharistic devotion.
Fitton, James - Missionary, b. at Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 10 April, catholic encyclopedia 1805; d. there, 15 Sept., 1881.
Firmilian - Bishop of Cæsarea in Cappadocia, died c. 269.
Fulbert of Chartres - Bishop. (952-1028)
Francia - Bolognese goldsmith, engraver, and artist, b. about 1450; f d. in catholic encyclopedia 1517.
Faber, Johann Augustanus - Theologian, born at Fribourg, Switzerland, c. 1470; died about 1531.
Funchal - Diocese in the Madeira Islands.
Faa di Bruno, Francesco - Italian mathematician and priest. (1825-1888)
Fermo, Archdiocese of - In the province of Ascoli Piceno (Central Italy).
Formby, Henry - Writer, born 1816; died at Normanton Hall, Leicester, 12 March, reference 1884.
Feuillants - The Cistercians who, about 1145, founded an abbey catholic encyclopedia in a shady valley in the Diocese of catholic encyclopedia Rieux (now Toulouse) named it Fuliens, later Les catholic encyclopedia Feuillans or Notre-Dame des Feuillans.
Francis X. Seelos, Blessed - Short biographical article on the missionary priest.
Francis Caracciolo, Saint - Co-founder of the Congregation of the Minor Clerks catholic encyclopedia Regular, d. 1608.
Flodoard - French historian and chronicler, b. at Epernay in f 894; d. catholic encyclopedia in 966.
Faraud, Henri - Canadian bishop. (1823-1890)
Francis Solanus, Saint - Spanish Franciscan missionary to South America, d. 1610. f Short biographical article.
Free Church of Scotland - Short introduction and history of the United Free Church. Briefly reference covers the secession, notes the events leading up to the reference disruption and deals with the events during the unification.
Franceschini, Marc' Antonio - Italian painter; b. at Bologna, 1648; d. there catholic encyclopedia c. 1729; best known for the decorative works catholic encyclopedia he carried out in Parma, Bologna, and Genoa, catholic encyclopedia and for the designs executed for Clement XI catholic encyclopedia for certain mosaics in St. Peter's.
Franzelin, Johann Baptist - Cardinal and theologian. (1816-1886)
Franks, The - A confederation formed in Western Germany of a reference certain number of ancient barbarian tribes who occupied reference the right shore of the Rhine from Mainz reference to the sea. Their name is first mentioned reference by Roman historians in connection with a battle reference fought against this pe
Finotti, Joseph M. - Italian-American Jesuit in Colorado. (1817-1879)
Fitter, Daniel - Born in Worcestershire, England, 1628; died at St. f Thomas\' Priory, near Stafford, 6 Feb., 1700.
Fundamental Articles - This term was employed by Protestant theologians to catholic encyclopedia distinguish f the essential parts of the Christian faith catholic encyclopedia from those f non-essential doctrines, which, as they believed, catholic encyclopedia individual churches might f accept or reject without forfeiting catholic encyclopedia their claim to rank f as pa
Filelfo, Franscesco - A humanist, b. at Tolentino, 25 July, 1398; d. at Florence 31 July, 1481.
Forbin-Janson, Comte de Charles-Auguste-Marie-Joseph - A Bishop of Nancy and Toul, founder of reference the Association of the Holy Childhood. (1785-1844)
Faber, Felix - German writer, born about 1441 at Zurich, of a famous reference family commonly known as Schmid; died in 1502 at Ulm, reference Germany.
Francis of Vittoria - Spanish theologian; b. about 1480, at Vittoria, province of Avila, in Old Castile; d. 12 August, 1546.
Fiscal Procurator - The duties of the fiscal procurator consist in catholic encyclopedia preventing crime and safeguarding ecclesiastical law.
Fridelli, Xavier Ehrenbert - Jesuit missionary and cartographer. (1673-1743)
Fabrica Ecclesiæ - Latin term, meaning, etymologically, the construction of a church, but reference in a broader sense the funds necessary for such construction.
Frankenberg - Archbishop of Mechlin (Malines), Primate of Belgium, and cardinal. (1726-1804)
Floreffe, Abbey of - Situated on the Sambre, about seven miles southwest of Namur, f Belgium, owes its foundation to Godfrey, Count of Namur, and f his wife Ermensendis.
Fargo - Diocese; suffragan of St. Paul, U.S.A.
Feval, Paul-Henri-Corentin - French novelist. (1817-1887)
Fatalism - The view which holds that all events in catholic encyclopedia the f history of the world, and, in particular, catholic encyclopedia the actions f and incidents which make up the catholic encyclopedia story of each f individual life, are determined by catholic encyclopedia fate.
Flagellants - A fanatical and heretical sect that flourished in reference the thirteenth and succeeding centuries.
Frassen, Claude - A celebrated Scotist theologian and philosopher of the reference Order of catholic encyclopedia Friars Minor; b. near Peronne, France, reference in 1620; d. at catholic encyclopedia Paris, 26 February, 1711.
Facade - The face or front of any building. In catholic encyclopedia ecclesiastical architecture the term is generally used to catholic encyclopedia designate the west front; sometimes the transept fronts.
Fabriano and Matelica - Fabriano, a city in the province of Macerata, reference Central Italy, f is noted for its paper manufactories reference and its trade in f salted fish. The town reference of Matelica possesses some ancient inscriptions. f A Roman reference colony was established there in 89 B.C.
Finnian of Moville, Saint - Irish monk, author of a monastic rule and catholic encyclopedia a penitential. Also the founder of a famous catholic encyclopedia school in County Down. St. Finnian died in catholic encyclopedia 589.
Faber, Philip - Theologian, philosopher and noted commentator of Duns Scotus. (1564-1630)
Forcellini, Egidio - Latin lexicographer, b. at Fener, near Treviso, Italy, reference 26 Aug., 1688; d. at Padua, 4 April, reference 1768.
Fenn, John - Born at Montacute near Wells in Somersetshire; d. f 27 Dec., 1615. He was the eldest brother f of Ven. James Fenn, the martyr, and Robert f Fenn, the confessor.
Faversham Abbey - A former Benedictine monastery of the Cluniac Congregation catholic encyclopedia situated reference in the County of Kent about nine catholic encyclopedia miles west reference of Canterbury. It was founded about catholic encyclopedia 1147 by King reference Stephen and Queen Matilda.
Friends of God - An association of pious persons, both ecclesiastical and f lay, having catholic encyclopedia for its object the cultivation of f holiness.
Felix of Cantalice, Saint - Biography of this Capuchin lay brother, known for catholic encyclopedia his catholic encyclopedia goodness, popular with children, d. 1587.
Fussola - A titular see in Numidia.
Faustus of Riez - Bishop of Riez in Southern Gaul, the best catholic encyclopedia known and most distinguished defender of Semipelagianism, b. catholic encyclopedia between 405 and 410, d. between 490 and catholic encyclopedia 495.
Feneberg, Johann Michael Nathanael - Born in Oberdorf, Allgau, Bavaria, 9 Feb., 1751; f died 12 reference Oct., 1812. He studied at Kaufbeuren f and in the Jesuit reference gymnasium at Augsburg, and f in 1770 entered the Society of reference Jesus, at f Landsberg, Bavaria.
Faillon, Etienne-Michel - Historian. (1800-1870)
France - Geography, statistics, and history.
Furni - A titular see in Proconsular Africa, where two reference towns of f this name are known to have reference existed.
Furniss, John - A well-known children's missioner. (1809-1865)
Funeral Pall - A black cloth usually spread over the coffin catholic encyclopedia while f the obsequies are performed for a deceased catholic encyclopedia person.
Ficker, Julius - Historian, b. at Paderborn, Germany, 30 April, 1826; catholic encyclopedia d. at Innsbruck, 10 June, 1902.
Faculties of the Soul - Article covers the meaning and classification.
Felix I, Pope Saint - The successor of Pope St. Dionysius, Felix died in 274. f He is sometimes confused with a Roman martyr of the f same name.
Fagnani, Prospero - Canonist, b. in Italy, place and date of catholic encyclopedia birth uncertain; d. in 1678.
Fordham University - Developed out of Saint John\\'s College, founded by reference Bishop Hughes upon the old Rose Hill Farm reference at Fordham, then in Westchester County, and formally reference opened on St. John the Baptist\\'s Day, 24 reference June, 1841.
Feuchtersleben, Baron Ernst von - An Austrian poet, philosopher, and physician; born at reference Vienna, 29 f April, 1806; died 3 September, 1849.
Finbarr, Saint - Bishop and patron of Cork, Ireland. (550-623)
Feyjóo y Montenegro, Benito Jerónimo - Spanish writer. (1676-1764)
Fulgentius, Saint - Full name, Fabius Claudius Gordianus Fulgentius. Monk, abbot, reference Bishop of f Ruspe, anti-Arian theologian, d. 533.
Fontana, Carlo - An architect and writer; b. at Bruciato, near catholic encyclopedia Como, 1634; d. at Rome, 1714.
Frechette, Louis-Honoré - Canadian journalist and poet. (1839-1908)
Faribault, George-Barthélemy - Canadian archaeologist. (1789-1866)
Filliucci, Vincenzo - Jesuit moralist. (1566-1622)
Faye, Hervé-Auguste-Etienne-Albann - Astronomer. (1814-1902)
Fleuriot, Zénaide-Marie-Anne - French novelist, b. at Saint-Brieuc, 12 September, 1829; d. at reference Paris, 18 December, 1890.
Frankfort, Council of - Convened in the summer of 794, by the reference grace of catholic encyclopedia God, authority of the pope, and reference command of Charlemagne (can. catholic encyclopedia 1), and attended by reference the bishops of the Frankish kingdom, catholic encyclopedia Italy, and reference the province of Aquitania, and even by ecclesiastics catholic encyclopedia reference from England.
Francis de Sales, Saint - Biographical article on the Bishop of Geneva, and Doctor of the Church, who died in 1622.
Ficino, Marsilio - Entry on this Renaissance Platonist, by M. Schumacher. catholic encyclopedia Details f his life and explores his relation to catholic encyclopedia the classical f thinkers.
Fructuosus of Braga, Saint - Hermit, abbot, archbishop, d. around 665.
Fabri, Honoré - Jesuit, theologian, b. about 1607 in the Department f of Ain, f France; d. at Rome, 8 March, f 1688.
Ferraris, Lucius - An eighteenth-century canonist of the Franciscan Order.
Fortaleza, Diocese of - Co-extensive with the State of Ceará in the reference Republic of Brazil.
Flete, William - An Augustinian hermit friar, a contemporary and great friend of catholic encyclopedia St. Catherine of Siena; the exact place and date of catholic encyclopedia his birth are unknown and those of his death are catholic encyclopedia disputed.
Fünfkirchen, Diocese of - Diocese in Hungary, in the ecclesiastical province of catholic encyclopedia Gran.
Flemael, Bertholet - Painter, b. at Liège, Flanders, in 1614; d. f there in catholic encyclopedia 1675.
Family - In the classical Roman period the familia rarely included the catholic encyclopedia parents or the children. Its English derivative was frequently used catholic encyclopedia in former times to describe all the persons of the catholic encyclopedia domestic circle, parents, children, and servants. Present usage, however,
Ferber, Nicolaus - A Friar Minor and controversialist, born at Herborn, Germany, in 1485; died at Toulouse, 15 April, 1534.
Fromentin, Eugène - French writer and artist. (1820-1876)
Feuillet, Louis - Geographer, b. at Mane near Forcalquier, France, in reference 1660; d. reference at Marseilles in 1732.
Feuardent, François - Franciscan, theologian, preacher of the Ligue, b. at catholic encyclopedia Coutanees, catholic encyclopedia Normandy, in 1539; d. at Paris, 1 catholic encyclopedia Jan., 1610.
Francis of Paula, Saint - Founder of the Order of Minims, d. 1507.
Francis of Assisi, Saint - Long article on St. Francis, founder, mystic, perhaps f the most catholic encyclopedia beloved Catholic saint of all.
Febronianism - The politico-ecclesiastical system outlined by Johann Nikolaus von catholic encyclopedia Hontheim, catholic encyclopedia Auxiliary Bishop of Trier, under the pseudonym catholic encyclopedia Justinus Febronius.
Formosus, Pope - Reigned 891-896.
Feder, Johann Michael - German theologian. (1753-1824)
Faculties, Canonical - In law, a faculty is the authority, privilege, reference or permission, to perform an act or function.
Franchi, Ausonio - Philosopher; b. 24 February, 1821, at Pegli, province catholic encyclopedia of catholic encyclopedia Genoa; d. 12 September, 1895, at Genoa.
Feckenham, John de - Last Abbot of Westminster, and confessor of the f Faith; b. in Feckenham Forest, Worcestershire, in 1515(?); f d. at Wisbech Castle, 16 Oct., 1585.
Fresnel, Augustin-Jean - Physicist; b. at Broglie near Bernay, Normandy, 10 May, 1788; d. at Ville d\'Avray, near Paris, 14 July, 1827.
Feasts, Ecclesiastical - Feast Days, or Holy Days, are days which reference are celebrated catholic encyclopedia in commemoration of the sacred mysteries reference and events recorded in catholic encyclopedia the history of our reference redemption, in memory of the Virgin catholic encyclopedia Mother of reference Christ, or of His apostles, martyrs, and saints, catholic encyclopedia reference by special services a
First-Fruits - First-fruit offerings are designated in the Law by f a threefold reference name: Bíkkûrîm, Reshîth, and Terûmôth.
Farnese, Alessandro - Cardinal. (1520-1589)
Fanon - Shoulder-cape worn by the pope.
Fouquet, Jehan - French painter and miniaturist, b. at Tours, c. catholic encyclopedia 1415; catholic encyclopedia d. about 1480.
Freiburg - City, archdiocese, and university in the Archduchy of Baden, Germany.
Felix of Valois, Saint - Co-founder of the Order of the Holy Trinity catholic encyclopedia for reference the Redemption of Captives, d. 1212.
Feller, François-Xavier de - An author and apologist, b at Brussels 18 August, 1735; d. at Ratisbon 22 May, 1802.
Frank, Michael Sigismund - Catholic artist and rediscoverer of the lost art catholic encyclopedia of glass-painting; b. 1 June, 1770, at Nuremberg; catholic encyclopedia d. at Munich, 16 January, 1847.
Fredoli, Berenger - Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati. (1250-1323)
Ferentino, Diocese of - In the province of Rome, immediately subject to the Holy See.
Facciolati, Jacopo - Lexicographer and philologist. (1682-1769)
Fridolin, Saint - Irish missionary, founded the Monastery of Säckingen sometime before the f ninth century.
Frejus - Suffragan of Aix; comprises the whole department of Var (France).
Flandrin, Jean-Hippolyte - French painter. (1809-1864)
Fast - Abstinence from food or drink.
Fabyan, Robert - English chronicler, died 28 February, 1513.
Filioque - It expresses the Procession of the Holy Ghost catholic encyclopedia from f both Father and Son as one Principle; catholic encyclopedia and, it f was the occasion of the Greek catholic encyclopedia schism.
Frontenac, Louis de Baude - A governor of New France, b. at Paris, 1662; d. f at Quebec, 28 Nov., 1698.
Fuchs, Johann Nepomuk von - Chemist and mineralogist. (1774-1856)
Forer, Laurenz - Controversialist, b. at Lucerne, 1580; d. at Ratisbon, reference 7 January, reference 1659.
Fauriel, Charles-Claude - French historian. (1772-1844)
Felician Sisters, O.S.F. - Founded 21 November, 1855, at Warsaw, Poland, by reference Mother Mary catholic encyclopedia Angela.
Feast of Fools - A celebration marked by much license and buffoonery, catholic encyclopedia which in many parts of Europe, and particularly catholic encyclopedia in France, during the later Middle Ages took catholic encyclopedia place every year on or about the feast catholic encyclopedia of the Circumcision (1 Jan.).
Fathers of the Church - The word Father is used in the New Testament to catholic encyclopedia mean a teacher of spiritual things, by whose means the catholic encyclopedia soul of man is born again into the likeness of catholic encyclopedia Christ:
Fitzherbert, Anthony, Sir - Judge, b. in 1470; d. 27 May, 1538.
Fowler, John - Scholar and printer, b. at Bristol, England, 1537; f d. at reference Namur, Flanders, 13 Feb., 1578-9.
Forgery, Forger - The deliberate untruthfulness of an assertion, or in f the deceitful f presentation of an object, and is f based on an intention f to deceive and to f injure while using the externals of f honesty.
Four Masters, Annals of the - The most extensive of all the compilations of f the ancient reference annals of Ireland.
Fintan, Saints - Brief biographical sketches of two saints of this f name: St. reference Fintan of Clonenagh, and St. Fintan f (Munnu) of Taghmon.
Fringes (in Scripture) - A special kind of trimming, consisting of loose reference threads of wool, silk, etc., or strips of reference other suitable material, along the edge of a reference piece of cloth.
Faldstool - A movable folding chair used in pontifical functions by the reference bishop outside of his cathedral, or within it if he reference is not at his throne or cathedra.
Foresters, Catholic Orders of - A Catholic fraternal insurance society.
Faustinus and Jovita, Saints - Brothers martyred at Brescia in 120.
Florence - Located in the province of Tuscany (Central Italy).
Ferdinand III, Saint - King of León and Castile, Third Order Franciscan, d. 1252.
Fructuosus of Tarragona, Saint - Bishop, was martyred along with his deacons Augurius reference and Eulogius f in 259.
Fraud - In the common acceptation of the word, an f act or catholic encyclopedia course of deception deliberately practised with f the view of gaining catholic encyclopedia a wrong and unfair f advantage.
Fort Wayne - The Diocese of Vincennes, Indiana, U.S.A., established in 1834, comprised f the whole State of Indiana till the Holy See, on f 22 September, 1857, created the Diocese of Fort Wayne, assigning f to it that part of Indiana north of the southern f boundary of Warren
Frigolet, Abbey of - The monastery of St. Michael was founded, about catholic encyclopedia 960, reference at Frigolet, by Conrad the Pacific, King catholic encyclopedia of Arles.
French Catholics in the United States - History and statistics of French Canadian immigration to the United reference States.
Fathers of Mercy, The - A congregation of missionary priests first established at f Lyons, France, in 1808, and later at Paris, f in 1814, and finally approved by Pope Gregory f XVI, 18 February, 1834.
Felicissimus - Third-century schismatic.
Fitzalan, Henry - Twelfth Earl of Arundel, b. about 1511; d. catholic encyclopedia in f London, 24 Feb., 1580.
Familiars - Strictly speaking, seculars subject to a master\\'s authority and maintained catholic encyclopedia at his expense. In canon law the term usually signifies catholic encyclopedia seculars residing in monasteries and other religious houses, actually employed catholic encyclopedia therein as servants and subject to the author
Fumo, Bartolommeo - Theologian. (d. 1545)
Francis I - King of France; b. at Cognac, 12 September, 1494; d. f at Rambouillet, 31 March, 1547.
Felbiger, Johann Ignaz von - German Augustinian. (1724-1788)
Francis Ingleby, Blessed - Brief biography of the Yorkshire priest and martyr, who died f in 1586.
Fitzsimon, Henry - Irish Jesuit. (1566-1643)
Fiacc, Saint - Poet, chief bishop of Leinster, d. around 520.
Fletcher, John - A missionary and theologian; d. about 1848.
Faber, Frederick William - Oratorian and devotional writer. (1814-1863)
French Literature - Origin, foundations, and types.
Frances d'Amboise, Blessed - Biographical article on the Duchess of Brittany. While married, she was a great friend of the Poor Clares, Dominicans, and Carmelites. After she was widowed, she became a Carmelite herself, and died in 1485.
Feilmoser, Andreas Benedict - Theologian and Scripture scholar. (1777-1831)
Forster, Thomas Ignatius Maria - Astronomer and naturalist. (1789-1860)
Ferrer, Rafael - A Spanish missionary and explorer; b. at Valencia, in 1570; d. at San José, Peru, in 1611.
Faenza - Diocese in the province of Ravenna (Central Italy), suffragan of Ravenna.
Flavian, Saint - Bishop of Constantinople, excommunicated Eutyches, was the recipient f of the reference famous "Tome of Leo," deposed by f the Latrocinium, died from reference severe beatings in exile f in 449.
Flavia Domitilla - A Christian Roman matron of the imperial family who lived reference towards the close of the first century.
Flathead Indians - A name used in both Americas, without special ethnologic significance, catholic encyclopedia to designate tribes practising the custom of compressing the skull catholic encyclopedia in infancy by artificial means.
Fenelon, François de Salignac de la Mothe- - French bishop and author, b. in the Château de Fénelon in Périgord (Dordogne), 6 August, 1651; d. at Cambrai, 7 January, 1715.
Fisher, Philip - Missionary, b. in Madrid, 1595-6; d. in Maryland, U. S., catholic encyclopedia 1652.
First-Born - The word, though casually taken in Holy Writ catholic encyclopedia in a metaphorical sense, is most generally used catholic encyclopedia by the sacred writers to designate the first catholic encyclopedia male child in a family.
Finland - As of the time of this article, a f department or f province of the Russian Empire; bounded f on the north by f Norway, on the west f by Sweden and the Gulf of f Bothnia, on f the south by the Gulf of Finland.
Fessler, Josef - Bishop of St. Polten in Austria and secretary f of the reference Vatican Council; b. 2 December, 1813, f at Lochau near Bregenz reference in the Vorarlberg; d. f 25 April, 1872.
Figueroa, Francisco de - A celebrated Spanish poet, surnamed "the Divine", b. f at Alcalá catholic encyclopedia de Henares, c. 1540, d. there, f 1620.
Fabiola, Saint - Divorced, remarried, widowed, penitent, renowned for her generosity. f She died f in 399 or 400.
Foley, Henry - English Jesuit lay brother. (1811-1891)
Fullerton, Lady Georgiana Charlotte - Novelist; born 23 September, 1812, in Staffordshire, died f 19 January, catholic encyclopedia 1885.
Flanders - Designated in the eighth century a small territory reference around Bruges; reference it became later the name of reference the country bounded by reference the North Sea, the reference Scheldt, and the Canche.
Freppel, Charles-Emile - Bishop of Angers, France; and deputy from Finistère. (1827-1891)
Fredegis of Tours - A ninth-century monk, teacher, and writer.
Felix and Adauctus, Saints - Martyrs at Rome in 303. "Adauctus" is not the second martyr's proper name--it means "added."
Fossano - Diocese located in the province of Cuneo, in Piedmont, Northern reference Italy, a suffragan of Turin.
Fixlmillner, Placidus - Astronomer. (1721-1791)
Florilegia - Systematic collections of excerpts (more or less copious) from the f works of the Fathers and other ecclesiastical writers of the f early period, compiled with a view to serve dogmatic or f ethical purposes.
Form - The original meaning of the term form, both reference in Greek and Latin, was and is that reference in common use - eidos, being translated, that reference which is seen, shape, etc., with secondary meanings reference derived from this, as form, sort, particular, kind, reference nature.
Foundling Asylums - Under this title are comprised all institutions which f take charge of infants whose parents or guardians f are unable or unwilling to care for them.
Flaviopolis - A titular see in the province of Honorias.
Frederick I (Barbarossa) - German King and Roman Emperor. (1123-1190)
Fiji, Vicariate Apostolic of - Comprising the islands belonging to the Fiji Archipelago.
Fontbonne, Jeanne - Mother St. John, second foundress and superior-general of catholic encyclopedia the Sisters of St. Joseph of Lyons. (1759-1843)
Fust, John - A partner of Gutenberg in promoting the art catholic encyclopedia of printing, d. at Paris about 1466.
Foucault, Jean-Bertrand-Léon - A physicist and mechanician, b. at Paris, 19 Sept., 1819; d. there 11 Feb., 1868.
Faunt, Lawrence Arthur - Jesuit theologian. (1554-1590)
Funk, Franz Xaver von - Church historian. (1840-1907)
Foppa, Ambrogio - Italian goldsmith, sculptor, and die sinker, b. 1445, f d. about f 1527.
Fregoso, Federigo - Cardinal; b. at Genoa, about 1480; d. 22 f July, 1541.
Fernández, Antonio - A Jesuit missionary; b. at Lisbon, c. 1569; d. at Goa, 12 November, 1642.
Fulda - This diocese of the German Empire takes its name from f the ancient Benedictine abbey of Fulda.
Falkner, Thomas - Surgeon and missionary. (1707-1784)
Forty Martyrs - Article in the Catholic Encyclopedia about this group catholic encyclopedia of reference soldiers who, for professing Christianity, were ordered catholic encyclopedia by the reference prefect to lie naked on a catholic encyclopedia frozen lake. One reference of these threw himself into catholic encyclopedia a warm bath which reference had been set up catholic encyclopedia for defectors, but one of reference the
Faro - A suffragan of Evora, Portugal, and extending over the province catholic encyclopedia of Algarve.
Fuhrich, Joseph - Artist. (1800-1876)
Firmicus Maternus - Christian author of the fourth century.
Florida - The Peninsular or Everglade State, the most southern catholic encyclopedia in reference the American Union and second largest east catholic encyclopedia of the reference Mississippi.
Flabellum - A fan made of leather, silk, parchment, or catholic encyclopedia feathers reference intended to keep away insects from the catholic encyclopedia Sacred Species reference and from the priest.
Fideism - A philosophical term meaning a system of philosophy catholic encyclopedia or catholic encyclopedia an attitude of mind, which, denying the catholic encyclopedia power of catholic encyclopedia unaided human reason to reach certitude, catholic encyclopedia affirms that the catholic encyclopedia fundamental act of human knowledge catholic encyclopedia consists in an act catholic encyclopedia of faith, and the catholic encyclopedia supreme criterion of
Folkestone Abbey - Located in England.
Foulque de Neuilly - A popular Crusade preacher, d. March, 1202.
Ferrari, Gaudenzio - An Italian painter and the greatest master of catholic encyclopedia the f Piedmontese School, b. at Valduggia, near Novara. catholic encyclopedia Italy, c. f 1470: d. at Milan, 31 January, catholic encyclopedia 1546.
Fear - A mental disturbance caused by the perception of instant or reference future danger.
Fulgentius Ferrandus - A canonist and theologian of the African Church catholic encyclopedia in catholic encyclopedia the first half of the sixth century.
Flechier, Esprit - Bishop; b. at Pernes, France, 1632; died at Montpellier, 1710.
Facundus of Hermiane - A sixth-century Christian author, Bishop of Hermiane in Africa, about f whose career very little is known.
Fontenelle, Abbey of - A Benedictine monastery in Normandy (Seine-Inférieure), near Caudebec-en-Caux.
Faith, Hope & Charity, Saints - Two groups of martyrs. The first were martyred catholic encyclopedia along catholic encyclopedia with their mother Sophia during the reign catholic encyclopedia of Hadrian, catholic encyclopedia and buried on the Aurelian Way. catholic encyclopedia The second band, catholic encyclopedia also along with someone named catholic encyclopedia Sophia, were martyred at catholic encyclopedia a later date, and catholic encyclopedia buried along the Appian Wa
Free-Thinkers - Those who, abandoning the religious truths and moral reference dictates of reference the Christian Revelation, and accepting no reference dogmatic teaching on the reference ground of authority, base reference their beliefs on the unfettered findings reference of reason reference alone.
Finan, Saint - Irish monk, second Bishop of Lindisfarne, d. 661.
Francis, Rule of Saint - As known, St. Francis founded three orders and f gave each f of them a special rule.
Friends, Society of - Quakers, an Anglo-American religious sect.
Fleury, André-Hercule de - Chaplain to Maria Theresa and Louis XIV. (1653-1742)
Flavigny, Abbey of - Benedictine abbey in the Diocese of Dijon, the catholic encyclopedia department catholic encyclopedia of Côte-d'Or, and arroundissement of Semur.
Fytch, William Benedict - An English Capuchin, whose family name was Filch. f (1563-1610)
Famagusta - A titular see in the Island of Cyprus.
Foster, John Gray - Soldier, convert. (1823-1874)
Frascati - One of the six suburbicarian (i.e. neighbouring) dioceses f from an f immemorial date closely related to the f Roman Church.
Fursey, Saint - Blood brother of St. Foillan. Fursey was an f Irish monk and visionary, the abbot of Lagny. f He died in about 650.
Ferre, Vicente - Theologian. (d. 1682)
Flanagan, Thomas Canon - Canon of Birmingham Diocese. Born in England in catholic encyclopedia 1814, reference though Irish by descent; died at Kidderminster, catholic encyclopedia 21 July, reference 1865.
Free Will - The question of free will, moral liberty, or reference the liberum arbitrium of the Schoolmen, ranks amongst reference the three or four most important philosophical problems reference of all time.
Fabian, Pope Saint - Biography of this pope who was martyred in f 250.
Ferrières, Abbey of - Situated in the Diocese of Orléans, department of f Loiret, and f arrondissement of Montargis.
Furstenberg, Franz Friedrich Wilhelm von - A statesman and educator. (1729- 1810)
Flavias - A titular see of Cilicia Secunda.
Faith - In the Old Testament, the Hebrew word means essentially steadfastness. catholic encyclopedia As signifying man\\'s attitude towards God it means trustfulness or catholic encyclopedia fiducia.
Froissart, Jean - Biography of the French historian and poet.
Forum, Ecclesiastical - Ecclesiastical jurisdiction is distinguished into that of the reference internal and external forum.
Faith, The Rule of - The word rule (Lat. regula, Gr. kanon) means reference a standard by which something can be tested, reference and the rule of faith means something extrinsic reference to our faith, and serving as its norm reference or measure.
Fitzralph, Richard - Archbishop of Armagh, b. at Dundalk, Ireland, about catholic encyclopedia 1295; catholic encyclopedia d. at Avignon, 16 Dec., 1360.
Fernández de Palencia, Diego - A Spanish conqueror and historian; b. at Palencia in the early part of the sixteenth century.
Four Crowned Martyrs - The Four Crowned Martyrs are actually two groups, f with a reference total of nine or ten martyrs. f The first five were reference masons or sculptors in f Pannonia, martyred in 305. The second reference was a f group of four martyrs, names unknown. They have reference f been venerated since the fourth c
Farlati, Daniele - Ecclesiastical historian. (1690-1773)
Franco, Giovanni Battista - Italian historical painter and etcher, b. at Udine catholic encyclopedia in 1510; d. at Venice in 1580.
Flaget, Benedict Joseph - First Bishop of Bardstown (subsequently of Louisville), Kentucky, U.S.A. (1763-1850)
Fallopio, Gabriello - Anatomist. (1523-1562)
Ferdinand II - Emperor, eldest son of Archduke Karl and the Bavarian Princess catholic encyclopedia Maria, b. 1578; d. 15 February, 1637.
Feilding, Rudolph William Basil - English convert. (1823-1892)
Frayssinous, Denis de - Bishop of Hermopolis in partibus infidelium, is celebrated catholic encyclopedia chiefly f for his conferences at Notre-Dame de Paris. catholic encyclopedia (1765-1841)
Fraticelli - A name given to various heretical sects which reference appeared in f the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, principally reference in Italy.
Fetishism - The word fetish is derived through the Portuguese feitiço from catholic encyclopedia the Latin factitius (facere, to do, or to make), signifying catholic encyclopedia made by art, artificial (cf. Old English fetys in Chaucer).
Fontana, Felice - Italian naturalist and physiologist, b. at Pomarolo in catholic encyclopedia the Tyrol, 15 April, 1730; d. at Florence, catholic encyclopedia 11 January, 1805.
Flaccilla, Aelia - Empress, wife of Theodosius the Great, died c. f A. D. 385 or 386.
Francis of Fabriano, Blessed - Italian Franciscan priest and missionary, d. 1322.
Fonseca, Pedro Da - A philosopher and theologian, born at Cortizada, Portugal, reference 1528; died reference at Lisbon, 4 Nov., 1599.
Fitzherbert, Maria Anne - Wife of King George IV; b. 26 July, 1756 (place uncertain); d. at Brighton, England, 29 March, 1837.
Fitz-Simons, Thomas - American merchant, b. in Ireland, 1741; d. at f Philadelphia, U.S.A., reference 26 Aug., 1811.
Filial Church - A church to which is annexed the cure of souls, f but which remains dependent on another church.
Frances of Rome, Saint - Wife and mother, Benedictine oblate, mystic, d. 1440.

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